Church growth experts are constantly talking about the latest trends in the way evangelicals "do" church. There are "purpose driven" churches, inspired by the virtually omnipresent Pastor Rick Warren, "seeker sensitive" fellowships patterned after the Reverend Bill Hybels' Willow Creek model, even "soaker sensitive" charismatic congregations that want to stay in the "river" of revival.
Today's evangelical churches might be likened to an ecclesiastical Baskin Robbins ice cream parlor, except that BR never had so many flavors. Once upon a time as late as the 1950s we E's were pretty generic. First Baptist, First Presbyterian, First Assembly, Something Avenue Methodist, Such-And-Such Road Church of God—we were really all the same vanilla with different kinds of nuts, and regrettably, not nearly enough chocolate.
Then two phenomena took place in the late 50s and early 60s: The Charismatic Renewal started in Episcopal churches out west, spreading rapidly through other mainstream denominations, and non-denominational churches began springing up all over the land, "planted" by young, entrepreneurial ministers who didn't want recalcitrant church boards and vote-happy congregations dampening their enthusiasm and dimming their dreams.
If numbers define success, then more than a few non-denoms succeeded spectacularly, inspiring and imitating one another as friendly competitors, pioneering new evangelism strategies, inventing ever more efficient growth methods, and eventually bursting into bloom as "megachurches." According to the
Hartford Institute for Religion Research web site, there are at least 1,200 megachurches (membership of 2,000 or more) in the USA. Some of them, such as Houston's
Lakewood Church, and Warren's
Saddleback Church, near San Diego, boast attendance nearing 20,000 on any given Sunday.
Okay, enough reporting (covering my bases and backside) already...Here's the question: Are megachurches really churches, or are they uniquely American, full service Christian corporations? Or both?
Yes, I do get myself in deep, but I think I can dig out of this one.
First, what is a church, and what is an acceptable "model" for the church? Let's take a mini-waltz—actually let's boogie—through history, starting in the Apostolic era:
The early church saw itself as God's
family. After all, Jesus had come into the world testifying of His "Father" in Heaven, constantly referring to Himself as a Son. Almighty God has more than a hundred names in Scripture, and if anyone ever could have used them best, it would have been Jesus, God in bodily form. Yet He almost always, both in prayer and conversation, spoke of His Father. Jesus, Who could have entered the world as king, warrior, entrepreneur, came modeling sonship.
The Apostles, especially St. Paul, sealed this family model in the minds of their congregations by speaking in familial terms. Indeed, it was not seminary or university that qualified someone for ministry; a man's home was his training ground. Natural fathering prepared him for spiritual fathering. It was a different type of fatherhood, with different boundaries, but it was just as real.
The family of God met variously in public venues, caves and, most often, homes until the Fourth Century, when Emperor Constantine decided both to institutionalize and de-Judaize the church, moving congregants into cathedrals. Thus the family model gave way (regressing or progressing, depending on your POV) to a
temple model. Pastors became priests, and as the priesthood formalized, their role as spiritual "fathers" was formalized too, paternal warmth often surrendering to needlessly cold ritual.
Twelve centuries later men named Luther and Calvin broke off a big chunk of the church and, taking advantage of new publishing technology, replaced Rome's temple model with an
academic one. An old Jewish proverb says, "to study is to worship," and the Reformers believed it. Preaching God's word virtually replaced Holy Communion as the weekly centerpiece of worship. The church became a place of learning, so much so that many Protestant clerics abandoned white albs in favor of more professorial black garb. Preaching was a lofty calling, and it showed in spiral-staired pulpits that dwarfed the simple elevation of Host and Table.
Scarcely two hundred years later, here in the colonies, revival "broke out" in New England. And just as preaching and theology had been the hallmarks of the Reformation, the Great Awakening was all about
experiencing salvation. Heart knowledge added to head knowledge, as my friends back in Oklahoma would say. Circuit-riding evangelists spread the word like ministerial Johnny Appleseeds, and new churches sprouted up along their routes. Stone buildings were no more necessary than seminary training. Brush arbors would do just fine until the people could build something usable.
Governmentally, these new churches took their cue from the spirit of democracy that abounded throughout the colonies. Congregational government had existed before, but now it was honed to a fine art, and a
trade union or
town hall model was born.
A pattern of increasingly decentralized authority had commenced with the Reformers' rebellion. From the Pope to the rule of Anglican bishops to presiding elders to the
vox populi spirit of colonial congregants, it was only a matter of time until full blown individualism raised its voice as well.
Which brings us to today's
business model, already nascent in the 1950s with tent-toting revivalists, now in full megachurch bloom. And like those before it, this model grew on its strengths and will die on its weaknesses.
Tomorrow I'll tell you how.